{"id":4072,"date":"2015-03-17T10:29:47","date_gmt":"2015-03-17T16:29:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.generationcp.org\/sunsetblog\/?p=4072"},"modified":"2016-02-23T12:56:16","modified_gmt":"2016-02-23T18:56:16","slug":"rice-research-reaps-a-rich-harvest-of-products-people-and-partners","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.generationcp.org\/sunsetblog\/2015\/03\/17\/rice-research-reaps-a-rich-harvest-of-products-people-and-partners\/","title":{"rendered":"Rice research reaps a rich harvest of products, people and partners"},"content":{"rendered":"

 <\/p>\n

\"Photo:<\/a>
Harvesting rice by hand in The Philippines.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Rice plays a key role in global food security, particularly in Asia, where 90 percent of the world\u2019s rice is grown and eaten. By 2050, Asia\u2019s population is estimated to grow by one billion to 5.2 billion people, who will continue to depend on rice as their major staple food.<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

But with rising demand for rice has also come increasing salinity, droughts and other stresses, along with decreasing areas of land available for farming the crop.<\/p>\n

And that\u2019s why the CGIAR Generation Challenge Programme (GCP)<\/a> placed a major focus on rice throughout its 10 years of existence.<\/p>\n

Key ingredient in the rice research fest was GCP\u2019s relationship with the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)<\/a>, headquartered in The Philippines. GCP supported IRRI in its endeavours to use the latest molecular plant-breeding techniques, along with traditional plant-breeding tools, to develop rice crops better able to cope with various stresses and still be productive.<\/p>\n

\u201cThese \u2018super\u2019 crops will revolutionise rice farming,\u201d says IRRI Director General Robert Zeigler, who was also the first Director of GCP.<\/p>\n

For more on GCP’s rice research see our Sunset Story \u2018The power of rice unlocked\u2019<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n

Rice that can survive increasingly salty water<\/h3>\n

Climate change is one of the major threats facing rice production. As sea levels rise, salt water enters further up rivers with the high tides and affects rice production areas.<\/p>\n

Each year in Bangladesh, during the boro<\/em> rice season from November to May, salinity is so high that a white film of salt covers the country\u2019s coastal paddy fields. For Bangladeshi farmers, this white colour is a warning sign that their land is \u2018sick\u2019. Around the world, Bangladesh, India, Myanmar and parts of Africa are most affected by increasing salinity.<\/p>\n

Right from the beginning of GCP, salinity was a problem firmly on the rice research agenda.<\/p>\n

\"Photos:<\/a>
Highly saline soils in India (left), and a close-up showing a surface crust of salt on afflicted soil (right).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Leading this research was IRRI plant physiologist Abdelbagi Ismail, who dreamed of the \u2018super\u2019 rice crop that could \u201ctolerate salinity, drought and submergence\u201d.<\/p>\n

Abdelbagi has managed and overseen most of the progress made during the discovery of a major genetic region, or quantitative trait locus (QTL), associated with salinity tolerance and named Saltol<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\"Photo:<\/a>
Abdelbagi Ismail examines rice plants in the field in Bangladesh.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Its insertion into well-known rice varieties used by farmers in Bangladesh, Indonesia and The Philippines is part of the revolution taking place in rice research.<\/p>\n

Abdelbagi says Saltol<\/em> was mapped and markers were developed for its use in breeding more salt-tolerant rice varieties. Its salt-tolerance code is now being transferred into several varieties evaluated with IRRI partners in South and Southeast Asia.<\/p>\n

\u201cThese projects also provided opportunities for both degree training and non-degree training to several of our partners in the countries involved,\u201d he adds.<\/p>\n

\u201cPartnerships are crucial for us to build the capacity<\/a> of the researchers in these countries and to ensure our outputs and outcomes reach the farmers that need them.<\/p>\n

\u201cAll our partners benefitted from salt-tolerant varieties developed conventionally through this project, and they also provided pipelines for uptake and dissemination by farmers.\u201d<\/p>\n

Having developed new lines following the discovery of the Saltol<\/em> QTL, Abdelbagi\u2019s GCP-supported team trained plant breeders in country programmes to successfully breed for salt tolerance and other stresses.<\/p>\n

In this way, Abdelbagi says, they are improving the capacity of researchers in developing countries to take up new breeding techniques, such as the use of molecular markers. \u201cThis can reduce the time it takes to breed new varieties, from six to ten years at the moment, down to two or three years,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n

This means that benefits to smallholder rice farmers struggling with salinity will happen sooner rather than later. And Abdelbagi credits GCP\u2019s partnership approach, working directly with the countries in need, for the success so far.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe salt-tolerant varieties are now being widely distributed,\u201d <\/strong>he says. \u201cSome of these varieties have doubled farmers\u2019 productivity in affected areas.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cThe work developed technologies of value to our needy farmers.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe do believe this is the start of a second Green Revolution, especially for those who farm in less favourable areas and that missed this opportunity during the first Green Revolution.\u201d<\/p>\n

Partnership approach key to new rice gene for uptake of phosphorus<\/h3>\n

More than 60 percent of rainfed lowland rice is produced on poor and problem soils, including those that are naturally low in phosphorus. This is an essential for nutrient growing crops, but providing phosphorus through fertilisers is costly and unfeasible for many smallholder rice growers.<\/p>\n

\"Photo:<\/a>
IRRI\u2019s Sheryl Catausan prepares the roots of a rice plant for scanning as part of the work of the PSTOL1<\/em>, phosphorus uptake research team at IRRI.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

This problem was the focus of GCP\u2019s rice phosphorus-uptake project led by IRRI molecular biologist Sigrid Heuer.<\/p>\n

The project was enormously successful, with its discovery of the PSTOL1<\/em> (\u2018phosphorus starvation tolerance 1\u2019) gene within the Pup1<\/em> locus, which was published in the prestigious journal Nature<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe wanted it in Nature<\/em> for a couple of reasons,\u201d she says. \u201cTo raise awareness about phosphorus deficiency and phosphorus being a limited resource, especially in poorer countries; and to draw attention to how we do molecular breeding these days, which is a speedier, easier and more cost-effective approach to developing crops that have the potential to alleviate such problems.\u201d<\/p>\n

Following the PSTOL1<\/em> discovery, researchers are now working with developing-country researchers and extension agencies to help them understand how to breed local varieties of rice that can be grown in phosphorus-deficient soils. They are also collaborating with other crop breeders looking to breed similar maize, sorghum and wheat varieties.<\/p>\n

Tobias Kretzschmar, a molecular biologist with IRRI, says that GCP\u2019s partnership approach was the key to the project having an impact on the rice farmers who needed it most.<\/p>\n

\u201cFor me, the collaborations that were forged through these inter-institutional projects made the difference,\u201d <\/strong>he says.<\/p>\n

Sigrid agrees: \u201cGCP was always there supporting us and giving us confidence, even when we were not sure.\u201d<\/p>\n

Solving the insoluble: a gene for drought tolerance<\/h3>\n

Rice is a crop that not only needs water, but loves water. So developing a drought-tolerant rice variety is a quest to find a seemingly impossible gene.<\/p>\n

However, GCP-supported researchers did just that: they solved the insoluble.<\/p>\n

\u201cThey were very successful in terms of getting drought tolerance,\u201d says Hei Leung of IRRI, who was GCP Subprogramme Leader for the Comparative Genomics Research Initiative between 2004 and 2007, and also a Principal Investigator for the Rice Research Initiative. \u201cThey\u2019re now getting a 1.5 tonne rice yield advantage under water stress. I mean, that\u2019s unheard of! This is a crop that needs water.<\/p>\n

\u201cThis is one of GCP\u2019s big success stories; that you can actually get drought tolerance is a seemingly impossible task for a water-loving rice plant.\u201d<\/p>\n

As Subprogramme Leader, Hei played a critical role in the creation, management, delivery and communication of a wide portfolio of research projects. He credits the nature of how GCP was set up for accelerating the breeding programme for drought-tolerant rice.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe advantage of GCP is that it is run by a small group of people who can make fast decisions,\u201d he says. \u201cThis means they can respond to the needs of researchers: \u2018Okay, we are going to invest on that. We\u2019re going to have a meeting on this\u2019.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe real advantage of GCP is its agility. Usually with other organisations you have new ideas and then have to slave away for a year to get the funding to implement them. But GCP was quick.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"Photo:<\/a>
Hei Leung (right) explains rice screening processes to a visiting scholar at IRRI.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

IRRI and GCP deliver genetic resources to those who need them most<\/h3>\n

Tobias says one of the main objectives of GCP and IRRI is to make genetic stocks available to breeders, particularly in developing countries.<\/p>\n

\u201cWithout that, IRRI would fail in its central mission to reduce hunger and poverty,\u201d he says. \u201cIn order to achieve this mission, tight collaboration with our agricultural and extension partners in other countries is the key.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"What<\/a><\/p>\n

In fact, this idea of protecting the future through genetic material was influential in the choice of GCP as a CGIAR Challenge Program name. Hei, who was involved from the start with GCP, talks about the meeting in a Rome pizzeria where participants came up with the name: \u201cWhen we talk about \u2018generation\u2019, we are really talking about the work we do with genetic diversity; it is about the future generation,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n

Part of that future generation is about sharing genetic resources or stocks, but first the genetic diversity of such stocks needs to be characterised. Hei remembers that one of the first GCP projects in 2004 brought together researchers in various countries to characterise the genetic diversity of various crops, including rice.<\/p>\n

\u201cBut everyone was using different genotyping platforms and markers, and the technology back then was not what we have now,\u201d he recalls.<\/p>\n

\u201cSo we spent a lot of resources getting poor quality data. In a sense, it was a failure. On the other hand, it was also a success because we alerted people to the importance of characterising diversity in every single crop. The whole concept of getting all the national partners doing genetic resource characterisation is a good one.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe have evolved the technology together over the last 10 years of GCP. Now the country partners feel enabled. They are not scared of the technology.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abdelbagi agrees that characterising genetic diversity is essential, and adds that making such genetic stocks readily available to breeders is also vital.<\/p>\n

\u201cThis has not been an issue before,\u201d he explains. \u201cWith the new regulations of germplasm control and intellectual property issues, it became extremely difficult to exchange germplasm with some countries. One important lesson we learnt was to engage in direct discussion with our partners in efforts to influence their policies and guidelines to allow essential exchange of genetic stocks and breeding material, at least at the regional level.\u201d<\/p>\n

Abdelbagi adds that another big challenge has been to provide country partners with materials and DNA markers for marker-assisted selection programmes and to make sure these were properly used in breeding programmes.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe solved this by hosting a workshop at IRRI and with continued visits with GCP collaborators,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n

\"Photo:<\/a>
Rice terraces in Ifugao Province in The Philippines.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u2018Super\u2019 crops: something \u2018magic\u2019 happens<\/h3>\n

Hei says that the GCP project he\u2019s most passionate about, and one that leaves a lasting legacy, is the development of multiparent advanced generation intercross (MAGIC) populations, which will potentially yield lines that are tolerant to environmental stresses, grow well in poor soils and produce better quality grain.<\/p>\n

\u201cMAGIC populations will leave behind a very good resource towards improving different crop species,\u201d says Hei. \u201cI\u2019m sure that they will expand on their own.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"Making<\/a><\/p>\n

GCP funded the development of four kinds of rice populations, including indica<\/em> MAGIC, which is the most advanced of the MAGIC populations developed so far. These populations contain multiple desirable traits, including: blast and bacterial blight-resistance, salinity and submergence tolerance and grain quality.<\/p>\n

New generation of researchers working on a new rice revolution<\/h3>\n
\"Photo:<\/a>
Rice farmer in her field in Rwanda.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Robert Zeigler\u2019s dream of a new rice Green Revolution with \u2018super crops\u2019 is coming true, thanks in part to GCP\u2019s focus on combining cutting-edge molecular plant-breeding techniques with conventional plant breeding.<\/p>\n

\u201cWith all this going for us, the second Green Revolution means we can meet the great challenges ahead with unprecedented efforts that will result in unparalleled impacts,\u201d he says. \u201cThis will range from mining the rice genomes for needed traits to developing climate change-ready rice.\u201d<\/p>\n

IRRI researchers like Abdelbagi agree that new plant-breeding techniques, such as those fostered by GCP, are making \u2018super\u2019 crops more likely: \u201cI\u2019m committed to understand how plants can be manipulated to adapt to, and better tolerate, extreme environmental stresses, which seems more feasible today than it has ever been before.<\/p>\n

\u201cGCP-supported work has provided mechanisms for developing varieties with multiple stress tolerances, besides the improvements in yield and quality.\u201d<\/p>\n

And for Hei, GCP\u2019s 10-year legacy is not just about the technology but also about the people.<\/p>\n

\u201cOver ten years you have three generations of PhD students,\u201d he says. \u201cMany people became a \u2018new generation\u2019 scientist through this programme. Many people have benefitted. GCP is one of a kind. I\u2019m just in love with it.\u201d<\/p>\n

More links<\/h3>\n